Resumen Introducción. El chile dulce tipo Bell es uno de los vegetales de mayor consumo, sin embargo, en las zonas de clima cálido se necesita más investigación en prácticas de manejo agronómico para aumentar la producción y calidad de fruta. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de dos densidades de siembra y dos tipos de poda sobre el rendimiento, características morfológicas y calidad de frutos del chile dulce tipo Bell. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó en un invernadero en Guanacaste, Costa Rica, entre julio de 2015 a marzo de 2016. Se evaluaron dos densidades de siembra: 20 800 y 41 700 plantas/ha, y dos sistemas de poda (holandesa y española), más un testigo sin poda. Se cuantificó el peso de frutos, los grados brix, la altura de planta, el índice de área foliar, el rendimiento total y por categoría de calidad. Los datos obtenidos de cada variable se estudiaron con un análisis de varianza con estructura factorial de tratamientos. Resultados. La poda no afectó el rendimiento de primera calidad, mientras que la densidad de siembra más alta logró un mayor rendimiento en esta categoría. La poda española generó frutos de mayor longitud de primera calidad, pero no tuvo efecto sobre las demás variables (ancho, peso y grados brix). Al utilizar cualquier sistema de poda y una alta densidad de siembra, se obtuvo el mismo rendimiento total (p>0,05) que las plantas sin poda sembradas en baja densidad. Conclusión. El aumento de la densidad de siembra incrementó el rendimiento de frutos de primera calidad, mientras que la poda no tuvo efecto en el rendimiento.

Abstract Introduction. Sweet Bell pepper is one of the most consumed vegetables, but in warm climate areas, there is a need for more research on agronomic management practices to increase fruit production and quality. Objective. To evaluate the effect of two planting densities and two pruning methods on the yield, morphological characteristics, and fruit quality of Sweet Bell peppers. Materials and methods. The research was conducted in a greenhouse in Guanacaste, Costa Rica, from July 2015 to March 2016. Two planting densities were evaluated: 20 800 and 41 700 plants/ha, along with two pruning systems (Dutch and Spanish) and a control without pruning. Fruit weight, Brix degrees, plant height, leaf area index, total yield, and quality category yield were quantified. The data from each variable were subjected to an analysis of variance with factorial treatment structure. Results. Pruning did not affect the yield first-quality fruit, while the higher planting density achieved a higher yield in this category. Spanish pruning produced longer first-quality fruits but had no effect on other variables (width, weight, and Brix degrees). When using any pruning system and a high planting density, the total yield (p>0,05) was similar to non-pruned plants planted at a low density. Conclusion. Increasing planting density increased the yield of first-quality fruits, while pruning had no effect on yield.

Resumen Introducción. Diversas técnicas de modelación se han utilizado para analizar experimentos con medidas repetidas en el tiempo; no obstante, algunas de estas no son pertinentes en la actualidad. Objetivo. Comparar cuatro estrategias de análisis que se usan para analizar experimentos agrícolas con evaluaciones a través del tiempo. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron datos de un experimento donde se evaluó el efecto de distintas fuentes de fertilizante nitrogenado sobre el contenido de clorofila en un pasto forrajero a diferentes edades de cosecha. Estos datos se analizaron con cuatro estrategias: índice de área bajo la curva (IABC), análisis de la varianza multivariado (MANOVA), efecto aleatorio de la unidad experimental y modelación de la correlación temporal. Las dos últimas estrategias se realizaron bajo la teoría de modelos lineales mixtos; en estas se ajustaron diferentes modelos, todos con la misma estructura de efectos fijos, pero con diferentes efectos aleatorios, estructura de correlación residual o estructura de varianza residual. Mediante criterios de verosimilitud penalizada (criterio de información de Akaike (AIC) y criterio de información Bayesiano (BIC)) se eligió el modelo de mejor ajuste, con este se realizaron inferencias acerca de las medias de los efectos fijos que fueron significativos y se comparó con los resultados obtenidos de las estrategias IABC y MANOVA. Resultados. El modelo lineal mixto de mejor ajuste tuvo una estructura de correlación de simetría compuesta y varianza heterocedástica. Este modelo permitió analizar la interacción tratamiento × tiempo; por el contrario, tanto el MANOVA como el IABC, no permitieron analizar las tendencias temporales de los tratamientos. Conclusión. El modelo lineal mixto de mejor ajuste posibilitó seleccionar el mejor tratamiento en función del tiempo de evaluación. Por el contrario, tanto el MANOVA como el IABC condujeron a la selección de tratamientos que no fueron los mejores en todos los tiempos de evaluación.

Abstract Introduction. Several modeling techniques have been used to analyze experiments with repeated measures over time; however, some of these are no longer relevant. Objective. To compare four analysis strategies that are used to analyze agricultural experiments with evaluations over time. Materials and methods. Data from an experiment in which the effect of different nitrogen fertilizer sources on chlorophyll content in a forage grass at different harvest ages was used. These data were analyzed using four strategies: the area under the curve index (AUC), multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), random effect of the experimental unit, and temporal correlation modeling. The lasts two strategies were performed under the theory of mixed linear models; in these different models were fitted, all with the same fixed effects structure, but with different random effects, residual correlation structure, or residual variance structure. Using penalized likelihood criteria (Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC)), the best fitting model was chosen, with which inferences were made about the means of the significant fixed effects, and compared with the results obtained from the AUC and MANOVA strategies. Results. The best fitting mixed linear had a compound symmetry correlation structure and heteroscedastic variances. This model allowed for the analysis of the treatment × time interaction; on the other hand, both the MANOVA and the AUC allowed for the analysis of temporal trends of the treatments. Conclusion. The best fitting mixed linear model made it possible to select the best treatment based on the evaluation time. On the other hand, both the MANOVA and the AUC led to the selection of treatments that were not the best at all evaluation times.

Resumen Introducción. Es necesario investigar prácticas agronómicas, como la fertilización potásica y la densidad de siembra, para aumentar la productividad del cultivo del maíz. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la densidad de siembra y dosis crecientes de K2O sobre componentes de rendimiento y eficiencia agronómica en el cultivo de maíz variedad Los Diamantes 8843. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se realizó en la Finca Experimental Santa Cruz (FESC), de la Universidad de Costa Rica durante septiembre y diciembre de 2018. Las densidades evaluadas fueron 50 000, 57 143, y 66 666 plantas.ha-1, mientras las dosis de K2O fueron 0, 70, 140, 210 kg.ha-1. Se evaluó el rendimiento del grano, altura de la planta, grosor de tallo, peso seco, absorción de nutrientes y se ajustó un análisis de varianza para cada variable. Asimismo, se calculó la eficiencia fisiológica, eficiencia agronómica, factor parcial de productividad, eficiencia aparente de recuperación y eficiencia interna de utilización. Resultados. La absorción de los nutrimentos incrementaron con dosis altas de K2O. Mientras que la calidad de mazorca y los componentes de rendimiento no presentaron diferencia significativa según la dosis. La densidad de siembra más baja presentó valores mayores en las variables agronómicas, sin embargo, este factor no afectó la calidad de mazorca, la absorción de nutrientes, ni los componentes de rendimiento. Los mayores índices de eficiencia se obtuvieron para la densidad de 66 666 plantas.ha-1 y 70 kg.ha-1 de K20. Conclusión. En suelos con altos contenidos de K, dosis de 70 kg.ha-1 de K2O logran satisfacer las necesidades del cultivo, sin embargo, se recomienda suplir la necesidad de la planta (131,7 kg.ha-1 K) sin disminuir las concentraciones de K en el suelo.

Abstract Introduction. Agronomical practices such as plant density and fertilizer doses are necessary to increase corn yield production in rural zones in Costa Rica. Objective. Evaluation of three plant densities and three K2O rate on the yield production in maize variety Los Diamantes 8843 in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Materials and methods. This study was carried out at the Finca Experimental Santa Cruz (FESC) of the University of Costa Rica, between September - December 2018. 50 000, 57 143, 66 666 plants by a hectare (ha) were evaluated with 0, 70, 140, 210 kg.ha-1 of K2O in a factorial experimental design. There were quantified the plant height, stem thickness, dry biomass, nutrients uptake and grain yield. Also, the physiological efficiency, agronomic efficiency, partial factor productivity, apparent recovery efficiency and internal utilization efficiency were calculated. Results. The highest K2O rates increased the nutrient uptake, while cob quality and yield components did not show statistical differences with the three K2O rate. The lowest plant density exhibited the best agronomic parameter values. However, nutrient uptake, cob quality, and yield component were not affected by plant density. 66 666 plant.ha-1 with 70 kg.ha-1 of K2O had the highest agronomic efficiency index in this experiment. Conclusion. Soils with high K concentration revealed that low rate such as 70 kg.ha-1 of K2O can satisfy the K requirements in Los Diamantes 8843. But, in order to conserve the K concentration in the soil, it is essential to supply 131.7 kg.ha-1 of K to provide a good plant uptake requirement without decrease the K concentration in the FESC soil.

Resumen Se evaluaron tres densidades de siembra, de&nidas por las distancias entre surcos, las cuales fueron: 70 cm (4375 kg biomasa ha-1), 85 cm (3750 kg biomasa ha-1) y 100 cm (3125 kg biomasa ha-1) y dos frecuencias de cosecha, a los 45 y 70 días después del corte de uniformidad (ddu). El experimento se realizó entre diciembre de 2020 y mayo de 2021 en la Finca Experimental de Santa Cruz de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Se utilizó un diseño en franjas, donde se cuanti&có la producción de biomasa fresca y seca, altura de planta, longitud de tallo y hojas, contenido de cloro&la, proteína cruda y número de nudos por tallo; para cada variable se efectuó un análisis de varianza. El uso de una distancia de siembra de 70 cm con una frecuencia de cosecha de 70 ddu, mostró valores mayores para biomasa fresca (p < 0,0001), producción de biomasa seca (p < 0,0068), altura (p < 0,0194) y longitud de tallo (p < 0,0093), en comparación con las otras combinaciones. Mientras que una combinación de distancia de siembra de 85 cm y una frecuencia de cosecha de 45 ddu presentó valores mayores para contenido de cloro&la (p < 0,0284) y porcentaje de proteína cruda (p < 0,0134). En edades de corte tempranas hubo mayor contenido de clorofila y de proteína cruda, mientras que en edades tardías hubo mayor producción de biomasa. Por productividad y por contenido de proteína, el Cuba OM-22 es una alternativa para bancos de forraje. Este trabajo formó parte del proyecto de investigación B8009 inscrito en Vicerrectoría de Investigación de la Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.

Abstract Three planting densities, de(ned by the distances between rows, which were: 70 cm (4375 kg biomass ha-1), 85 cm (3750 kg biomass ha-1) and 100 cm (3125 kg biomass ha-1) and two harvest frequencies, at 45 and 70 days a)er the uniform cutting grass (auc) were evaluated. 'e experiment was carried out between December 2020 and May 2021 at the Santa Cruz Experimental Farm of the University of Costa Rica. A strip design was used, where the production of fresh and dry biomass, plant height, stem and leaf length, chlorophyll content, crude protein, and number of nodes per stem were quanti(ed; an analysis of variance was performed for each variable. 'e use of a planting distance of 70 cm with a harvest frequency of 70 auc, showed higher values for fresh biomass (p < 0,0001), dry biomass production (p < 0,0068), height (p < 0,0194) and stem length (p < 0,0093), compared to the other combinations. While a combination of a planting distance of 85 cm and a harvest frequency of 45 auc, presented higher values for chlorophyll content (p < 0,0284) and percentage of crude protein (p < 0,0134). At early cutting ages there was a higher chlorophyll and crude protein content, while at later ages there was higher biomass production. Due to productivity and protein content, Cuba OM-22 is an alternative for forage banks.

Abstract Various diseases present as cavitated pulmonary nodules. The diagnostic spectrum is challenging, ranging from acute to chronic infections, chronic systemic diseases, and malignancies. Knowledge of common and uncommon radiological findings, in relation to clinical history, are necessary to make the correct diagnosis. The purpose of this pictorial review is to present a brief description of the computed tomography findings of common cavitary lung diseases seen in adult patients.

Resumen Diversas enfermedades se presentan como nódulos pulmonares cavitados. El espectro de diagnóstico es desafiante, ya que varía desde infecciones agudas hasta crónicas, enfermedades sistémicas crónicas y tumores malignos. El conocimiento de los hallazgos radiológicos comunes y poco comunes en relación con la historia clínica es necesario para hacer el diagnóstico correcto. El objetivo de esta revisión pictórica es presentar una breve descripción de los hallazgos de la tomografía computarizada de las enfermedades pulmonares cavitarias comunes que se observan en pacientes adultos.

Resumen Introducción. En Costa Rica, el maíz (Zea mays) forma parte de la dieta de la población. Sin embargo, se ha reducido el área de siembra, debido a políticas comerciales y al reducido conocimiento del manejo agronómico del cultivo. Objetivo. Analizar el efecto de dosis de N y densidades de siembra sobre la productividad de maíz variedad Los Diamantes 8843, en Santa Cruz, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó entre agosto y diciembre 2018, en la Finca Experimental de Santa Cruz, Universidad de Costa Rica. En un diseño de bloques completos al azar, se evaluaron tres densidades de siembra: 50 000, 57 143 y 66 666 plantas/ha y cuatro dosis crecientes de N: 0, 100, 200 y 300 kg ha-1. Se cuantificó la altura, peso fresco de la planta, grosor del tallo, calidad de mazorca, absorción de nutrientes y rendimiento. Para cada variable se ajustó un análisis de varianza. Resultados. Hubo efecto significativo de la dosis de N sobre las variables altura, peso seco, número de granos por fila, número de mazorcas por parcela útil y absorción de nutrimentos, estas variables fueron mayores con dosis elevadas de N. Hubo efecto significativo de la densidad de siembra sobre la altura, número de mazorcas y absorción de nutrimentos, estas alcanzaron valores mayores en las densidades altas. Mayores índices de eficiencia se alcanzaron en las dosis de 100 kg ha-1 y la densidad de 50 000 plantas/ha. El rendimiento fue menor en todas las densidades evaluadas cuando no se aplicó N. Las dosis de 100 y 200 kg ha-1 presentaron los mayores rendimientos, independiente de la densidad de siembra. Conclusión. La dosis de 100 kg ha-1 de N y la densidad de 57 143 plantas/ha mostró los valores más altos para los índices de eficiencia y la mayor producción.

Abstract Introduction. In Costa Rica, maize (Zea mays) is an important component of the population’s diet. However, the planting area has been reduced due to marketing policies and reduced knowledge of agronomic management of the crop. Objective. To analyze the effect of N doses and planting densities on the productivity of maize variety Los Diamantes 8843 in Santa Cruz, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Materials and methods. The study was carried out between August and December 2018 at the Santa Cruz Experimental Farm, Universidad de Costa Rica. In a randomized complete block design, three planting densities: 50,000, 57,143, and 66,666 plants/ha and four increasing doses of N: 0, 100, 200, and 300 kg ha-1 were evaluated. Plant height, plant fresh weight, stem thickness, cob quality, nutrient uptake and yield were quantified. An analysis of variance was adjusted for each variable. Results. There was a significant effect of N dose over the variables height, dry weight, number of grains per row, number of ears per useful plot, and nutrient uptake. In general, these variables were higher at high N doses. There was significant effect of planting density on height, number of ears, and nutrient uptake, these variables reached higher values at high densities. Higher efficiency rates were achieved at 100 kg ha-1 and at a density of 50,000 plants/ha. The yield was lower in any of the evaluated densities, when N was not applied. The doses of 100 and 200 kg ha-1 showed the highest yields, regardless of planting density. Conclusion. The dose of 100 kg ha-1 of N and the density of 57 143 plants/ha showed the highest values for the efficiency indices and the highest yield.

Resumen Los cánceres de vía urinaria baja pueden surgir de la vejiga, el uraco o la uretra, siendo el carcinoma urotelial el tipo histológico predominante. La presentación clínica suele ser insidiosa y estar relacionada con la presencia de hematuria. El diagnóstico y la estadificación de estos cánceres requieren imágenes radiológicas, como tomografía computarizada o resonancia magnética. Este artículo revisa la naturaleza específica de los cánceres de vía urinaria baja y su manifestación imagenológica.

Abstract Lower urinary tract cancer can arise from the bladder, urachus or urethra. Urothelial carcinoma is the main histologic type. The clinical presentation is usually insidious and related to hematuria. Diagnosis and staging of these cancers require radiological imaging modalities such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance. This article reviews the specific nature of lower urinary tract cancers and their imaging manifestation.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To update the estimated cost of physical inactivity for the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). METHODS The hospitalization costs were accessed via a database of the Ministry of Health – Informatics Department of the Brazilian SUS. Physical inactivity for the year 2017 was accessed via the Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel – Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey). Seven chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD) were selected via the international classification of disease (ICD-10). The population fraction attributable to physical inactivity was calculated based on relative risk reported in previous studies and the prevalence of physical inactivity. RESULTS In 2017, the seven NCD considered in the analysis were responsible for 154,017 hospital admissions in adults older than 40 years old, residing in the state capitals and the Federal District, which corresponded to 6.5% of hospitalizations and 10.6% of SUS costs at an estimated US$ 112,524,914.47. Considering the group of individuals with insufficient physical activity in their leisure time, the percentage cost attributed to physical inactivity reached 17.4% of the estimated costs with NCD. At a national level, NCD were responsible for approximately 740 thousand hospitalizations, costing US$ 482 million, from which 17.4%, US$ 83 million were attributed to physical inactivity. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence to conclude that physical inactivity exerts an economic impact on the SUS due to NCD hospitalization. Physical inactivity is a modifiable lifestyle and compelling evidence, including that of this article, supports the promotion of a more active community as one of the major targets of public health care policies.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To update the estimated cost of physical inactivity for the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). METHODS The hospitalization costs were accessed via a database of the Ministry of Health – Informatics Department of the Brazilian SUS. Physical inactivity for the year 2017 was accessed via the Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel – Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey). Seven chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD) were selected via the international classification of disease (ICD-10). The population fraction attributable to physical inactivity was calculated based on relative risk reported in previous studies and the prevalence of physical inactivity. RESULTS In 2017, the seven NCD considered in the analysis were responsible for 154,017 hospital admissions in adults older than 40 years old, residing in the state capitals and the Federal District, which corresponded to 6.5% of hospitalizations and 10.6% of SUS costs at an estimated US$ 112,524,914.47. Considering the group of individuals with insufficient physical activity in their leisure time, the percentage cost attributed to physical inactivity reached 17.4% of the estimated costs with NCD. At a national level, NCD were responsible for approximately 740 thousand hospitalizations, costing US$ 482 million, from which 17.4%, US$ 83 million were attributed to physical inactivity. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence to conclude that physical inactivity exerts an economic impact on the SUS due to NCD hospitalization. Physical inactivity is a modifiable lifestyle and compelling evidence, including that of this article, supports the promotion of a more active community as one of the major targets of public health care policies.

Abstract Chicken broilers digestibility and performance fed with different ME levels, with and without adjustments of digestible lysine, calcium, and available phosphorus, were evaluated. For digestibility, 210 male Cobb 500 chicken broilers were used and distributed into a 3x2+1 factorial arrangement, with three ME levels (3050; 3125 and 3200 kcal/kg) with and without nutrient adjustment, plus one control treatment (2975 kcal ME/kg), totaling seven treatments including six repetitions with five birds into each repetition. For initial performance, 1120 birds were distributed randomly with eight replications within treatments and 20 birds for each replication. For final performance, 1008 chickens were distributed with eight replications and 18 birds for each replication. The DCDM and DCCP were improved (P<0.05) according to the increase of ME and the adjustment in dietary nutrients, as well as GE digestibility. The final performance showed no interaction (P>0.05) between energy and nutrient adjustment, but the increase in energy levels improved the feed conversion ratio (FCR=1.370). Increasing energy density with nutrient adjustment improves both nutrient utilization and bird performance.

Abstract Prospective analysis of the statistical power of a hypothesis test should be one of the most important stages of any experiment; however, it is frequently omitted. In particular, for Costa Rica, no studies related to this topic were found for yield experiments in corn cultivation. The objective of this work was to determine the statistical power of a completely randomized design for yield experiments in the cultivation of corn (Zea mays) by simulating uniformity trials. To perform the calculations of power, the parameters of the spatial correlation process of a uniformity trial established in Santa Cruz, Costa Rica in 2018 were estimated. These estimates were used to perform 10 000 simulations of larger random fields, which allowed overlapping different number of repetitions and estimate the statistical power to detect a difference of 10% with respect to the mean in an experiment with a completely randomized design at a significance level of 5%. The 80% power was obtained with eight repetitions and it is concluded that, under the experimental conditions of this work, in yield trials in the cultivation of corn, to detect a difference of means of 10% at a level of significance 5%, eight or more repetitions should be used.

Resumen El análisis prospectivo de la potencia estadística de una prueba de hipótesis debería ser una de las etapas más importantes de cualquier experimento; sin embargo, se omite con frecuencia. En particular, para Costa Rica, no se encontraron investigaciones relacionadas con este tema para experimentos de rendimiento en el cultivo de maíz. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la potencia estadística de un diseño completamente aleatorizado para experimentos de rendimiento en el cultivo de maíz (Zea mays) mediante la simulación de ensayos de uniformidad. Para realizar los cálculos de potencia se estimaron los parámetros del proceso de correlación espacial de un ensayo de uniformidad establecido en Santa Cruz, Costa Rica en el año 2018. Dichas estimaciones fueron utilizadas para realizar 10 000 simulaciones de campos aleatorios de mayor tamaño, lo que permitió superponer diferente número de repeticiones y estimar la potencia estadística para detectar una diferencia de 10% con respecto a la media en un experimento con un diseño completamente aleatorizado a un nivel de significación de 5%. Se obtuvo la potencia 80% con ocho repeticiones y se concluye que, bajo las condiciones experimentales de este trabajo, en ensayos de rendimiento en el cultivo de maíz, para detectar una diferencia de medias 10% a un nivel de significación 5%, se deben usar ocho o más repeticiones.

SUMMARY: One of the structures of greatest interest in the maxillofacial region is the mandibular canal, where its preservation optimizes the success of clinical procedures. Due to its disposition inside the mandible, in vivo visualization requires the use of radiographic techniques, among which the Cone Beam CT (CBCT) stands out. The objective of this work is to compare the visualization of the human mandibular canal by means of CBCT images with different observers and radiation programs. Using images generated with CBCT in dry mandibles with different acquisition programs, coronal slices were obtained in the anterior, middle and posterior sectors of the mandibular canal, with a total of 240 measurements, which included two voxel sizes and two doses different radiation sources. Each of the images was evaluated by a Dentist, an Anatomy Master's degree and a specialist in Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology. Percentages of visualization according to observer were obtained for each image acquisition program. The Cochran Q test yielded differences between the observers (p <0.05) and the McNemar test defined these dissimilarities between the specialist and the other observers, but not between the latter. The Yates and Mann-Whitney U tests did not show statistical differences according to the acquisition program (p> 0.05). The degree of expertise of the observer influences the visualization and its precision. In turn, using an image acquisition program with a different voxel/radiation dose not affect the visualization, since it depends on the anatomy of the structure itself. A protocol with less radiation could be used in patients complying with the ALARA (“As Low As Reasonably Achievable”) premise.

RESUMEN: Una de las estructuras de mayor interés en la región maxilofacial es el canal mandibular, donde su preservación optimiza el éxito de los procedimientos clínicos. Por su disposición al interior de la mandíbula, la visualización in vivo requiere el uso de técnicas radiográficas, entre las que destaca el Cone Beam CT (CBCT). El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar la visualización del canal mandibular humano mediante imágenes en CBCT con distintos observadores y programas de radiación. Mediante imágenes generadas con CBCT en mandíbulas secas con distintos programas de adquisición, se obtuvieron cortes coronales en los sectores anterior, medio y posterior del canal mandibular, con un total 240 mediciones, las que incluyeron dos tamaños de voxel y dos dosis de radiación distintos. Cada una de las imágenes fue evaluada por un Cirujano Dentista, Máster en Anatomía y Especialista en radiología Máxilofacial. Se obtuvieron porcentajes de visualización según observador para cada programa de adquisición de imágenes. La prueba de Q de Cochran arrojó diferencias entre los observadores (p<0,05) y la prueba de McNemar definió dichas disimilitudes entre el especialista y los otros observadores, no así entre éstos últimos. Las pruebas de Yates y U de Mann-Whitney no otorgaron diferencias estadísticas según el programa de adquisición (p>0,05). El grado de experticia del observador influye en la visualización y su precisión. A su vez, utilizar un programa de adquisición de imagen con distinto voxel y/o dosis no afecta a la visualización, siendo esta dependiente de la anatomía propia de la estructura. Podría utilizarse un protocolo con menor radiación para el usuario cumpliendo con la premisa ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable).

Abstract Brazilian society is based on a racist structure derived from 350 years of slavery, responsible for perpetuating violence against social groups diverging from heteronormativity. We defend that education is our greatest ally for the reconstruction of this social body. With elements of participatory research, this work aims at the development of an intercultural experience centered on the production of black women scientists and their identity universes to understand their contributions for the process of nonformal education in a black feminist non-governmental organization - NGO. Our results demonstrate that when thinking about the confrontation of racism, sexism and LGBTIphobia one cannot think of fragmented actions. In this sense, Sciences/Chemistry can dialogue with multiple corporealities, to contribute to the transgression of the silencing of ethnic-racial relations and dissident sexualities in the NGO and in school environments. Our results show that, when facing multiple gender identities and sexual orientations, it is possible to associate the nature of the science taught with welcoming practices and urgent themes in chemistry classes. In this sense, training teachers also involves committed political training to overcoming the barriers and limitations that some social groups go through to be accepted and valued. Our results also show that NGOs can assist in the initial and continuing training of chemistry teachers, being an alternative for the operationalization and resistance of the black and LGBTI population.

Resumo A sociedade brasileira sustenta-se em uma estrutura racista derivada de 350 anos de colônia escravocrata, responsável por perpetuar violências contra grupos sociais divergentes da heteronormatividade. Defendemos que é a educação nossa maior aliada na reconstrução deste corpo social. Com elementos de uma pesquisa participante, objetivamos o desenvolvimento de uma vivência intercultural centrada na produção de cientistas negras e seus universos identitários, com vistas a compreender suas contribuições para o processo de educação não formal em uma Organização não governamental - ONG feminista negra. Nossos resultados demonstram que, ao pensarmos no enfrentamento do racismo, machismo e a LGBTIfobia, não podemos pensar em ações particionadas. Nesse sentido, as Ciências/Química podem dialogar com as múltiplas corporeidades, com vistas a auxiliar nas transgressões dos silenciamentos sobre as relações étnico-raciais e das sexualidades dissidentes na ONG quanto nos ambientes escolares. Nossos resultados mostram que, frente às múltiplas identidades de gênero e orientações sexuais, é possível associar a natureza da ciência ensinada a práticas acolhedoras e temáticas urgentes em aulas de química. Em vista disso, nossos resultados também mostram que as ONGs podem auxiliar na formação inicial e continuada das/os professoras/es de química, sendo uma alternativa de operacionalização e da resistência da população negra e LGBTI.

Early diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in the population allows interventions with better prognosis and lower cost of treatment. Studies indicate that there is a higher prevalence of ASD in siblings of diagnosed individuals, considered as risk groups. Gioia and Guilhardi (2018) developed as assessment protocol for the early signs in children with easy application by parents and/or caregivers. This study aimed to evaluate whether the tasks of this protocol applied in the period from 2013 to 2019 in children aged 13 to 22 months produced differentiating results between the high (HR) and low autistic risk (LR) groups and also verify the correspondence between the assessment obtained in the protocol by the HR participants with the results obtained in the Childhood Autism Rating Scale – CARS. The results showed that six of the thirteen tasks of the Protocol allowed the differentiation between the HR and LR groups, demonstrating that the instrument can be effective in the early identification of children who may later be diagnosed with ASD.

O diagnóstico precoce do Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) na população permite intervenções com melhor prognóstico e menor custo de tratamento. Estudos indicam que há uma maior prevalência de TEA em irmãos de indivíduos diagnosticados, considerados assim como grupo de risco. Gioia e Guilhardi (2018) desenvolveram um protocolo para avaliação de sinais precoces em crianças de risco com fácil aplicação por pais e/ou cuidadores. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos, avaliar se as tarefas deste protocolo aplicadas no período de 2013 a 2019 em crianças de 13 a 22 meses produziram resultados diferenciadores entre o grupo de alto (AR) e baixo risco autístico (BR) e verificar a correspondência entre a avaliação obtida no protocolo pelos participantes AR com a avaliação obtida na escala Childhood Autism Rating Scale – CARS. Como resultado, foi constatado que seis das treze tarefas do protocolo permitiram diferenciar entre os grupos AR e BR, demonstrando que o instrumento pode ser efetivo na identificação precoce de crianças que posteriormente poderão vir a receber diagnóstico de TEA.

Resumo Este artigo trata dos fatores que influenciam a utilização de serviços de governo eletrônico pelos cidadãos. A literatura acadêmica tem promovido reflexões sobre a influência de diversos fatores, e este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar se aspectos sociodemográficos têm influência sobre a decisão de uso de serviços de governo eletrônico pelos cidadãos brasileiros. O estudo utilizou uma abordagem metodológica quantitativa, valendo-se de testes estatísticos e modelo de regressão logística baseados em microdados da pesquisa TIC Domicílios, coordenada pelo Centro Regional de Estudos para o Desenvolvimento da Sociedade da Informação (Cetic.br), referente ao ano-base de 2019. Os resultados desta análise indicam que há influência significativa de fatores como idade, renda familiar, condição de atividade, classe econômica, grau de instrução, tipo de dispositivo de acesso e uso de serviços de e-commerce sobre a probabilidade de uso de serviços de governo eletrônico. O artigo contribui para o entendimento mais abrangente dos fatores que impactam a demanda e se propõe a servir de insumo para discussões entre gestores públicos sobre a implementação desses serviços.

Abstract This article focuses on factors that influence the use of electronic government services by citizens. The academic literature has promoted reflections on the influence of various factors and, therefore, this article aims to assess whether socio-demographic factors influence the Brazilian citizens’ decision to use Electronic Government services. This study adopted a quantitative methodological approach, using statistical tests and a logistic regression model, based on the microdata of the ICT Household 2019 survey, coordinated by the Regional Center of Studies for the Development of the Information Society (CETIC.br). The results indicate a significant influence of age, family income, activity condition, economic class, level of education, type of access device, and use of e-commerce services on the probability of using Electronic Government services by Brazilian citizens. The article contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the factors that impact demand and aims to subsidize public managers’ discussions about these services’ implementation.

Resumen Este artículo trata de los factores que influyen en el uso de los servicios de administración electrónica por parte de los ciudadanos. La literatura académica ha promovido reflexiones sobre la influencia de diversos factores y, por lo tanto, este artículo tiene por objeto evaluar si los factores sociodemográficos influyen en la decisión de los ciudadanos brasileños de utilizar los servicios de gobierno electrónico. En esto estudio se usó un enfoque metodológico cuantitativo, valiéndose de pruebas estadísticas y un modelo de regresión logística, basado en los microdatos de la investigación TIC Domicilios, coordinada por el Centro Regional de Estudios para el Desarrollo de la Sociedad de la Información (Cetic.br), para el año base 2019. Los resultados de este análisis indican que hay una influencia significativa de factores como edad, ingresos familiares, condición de la actividad, clase económica, nivel de educación, tipo de dispositivo de acceso y la utilización de servicios de comercio electrónico en la probabilidad de utilizar servicios de gobierno electrónico. El artículo contribuye a una comprensión más completa de los factores que inciden en la demanda y se propone servir de aportación a debates entre los gestores públicos sobre la implantación de estos servicios.